将物体以初速度v0从地面竖直上抛,已知空气阻力的大小恒为重力的0

将物体以初速度v0从地面竖直上抛,已知空气阻力的大小恒为重力的0.1倍,求上升和下降过程中,物体的重力势能和动能相等时离地面的高度.

答案

解析:对于上升的最大高度,可以针对上升的全过程应用动能定理求解;对于上升(或下降)过程重力势能和动能相等的高度,可以设出位置高度,依据动能与势能相等关系以及动能定理联立方程求解.

(1)研究物体上升过程,物体所受重力和空气阻力都对物体做负功,物体动能减少,重力势能增加.以地面为零势参考平面,设物体离地面高度为h时,速度为v,重力势能与动能相等,

即mgh=mv2

由动能定理得

-mgh-0.1mgh=mv2-mv02

①②式联立解得上升过程中重力势能和动能相等时物体离地高度为h=

设物体上升最大高度为H,对上升全过程应用动能定理得

-mgH-0.1mgH=0-mv02

则H=.

(2)研究物体下降过程,设物体下落到离地高度为h′时,其重力与动能相等,

即mgh′=Ek′⑤

此阶段重力做正功,空气阻力做负功,应用动能定理得

mg(H-h′)-0.1mg(H-h′)=Ek′⑥

④⑤⑥式联立得下降过程中重力势能与动能相等时物体离地的高度为h′=

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