Cigarette pack warnings that remind smokers of the fatal consequences of their habit may actually make them smoke more as a way to cope with the predictability of death，according to researchers.
A small study by psychologists from the United States，Switzerland and Germany showed that warnings unrelated to death，such as smoking makes you unattractive or smoking brings you and the people around you severe damage，were more effective in changing smokers' attitudes toward their habit.
This was especially the case in people who smoked to boost their selfesteem，such as youth who took up the habit to impress or fit in with their peers and others who thought smoking increased their social value，the researchers said.
In general ，when smokers are faced with deathrelated antismoking messages on cigarette packs，they produce active coping attempts as reflected in their willingness to continue the risky smoking behavior，the study said.
To succeed with antismoking messages on cigarette packs one has to take_into_account that considering their death may make people smoke.
The study was based on 39 psychology students，aged between 17 and 41，who said they were smokers.
Participants filled in a questionnaire to determine how much their smoking was based on selfesteem，were then shown cigarette packs with different warnings on them，and then after a 15minute delay，the students were asked more questions about their smoking behavior that included if they intended to quit.
On the one hand，deathrelated warnings were not effective and even ironically caused more positive smoking attitudes among smokers who based their selfesteem on smoking，the study said.
On the other hand，warning messages that were unrelated to death effectively reduced smoking attitudes the more receivers based their selfesteem on smoking.
The researchers said this finding can be explained by the fact that warnings such as smoking makes you unattractive may be particularly threatening to people who believe that smoking makes them feel valued by others or boosts their selfimage.
56．Which of the following warnings on the cigarette packs can stop smoking effectively?
A．Smoking means death.
B．Smoking kills people quickly.
C．Smoking more，friends less.
D．No smoking！No death.
57．Paragraph 3 in the passage tells us ________.
A．how the young people smoke
B．why the young people smoke
C．that smoking does harm to the young people
D．when the young people begin to smoke
58．Which of the following about the study is NOT true?
A．The participants major in psychology in college.
B．The participants read the antismoking messages on cigarette packs.
C．The questionnaires are difficult.
D．The results are similar.
59．What's the most probable title of the passage?
A．Smoking makes you unattractive.
B．Stop smoking.
C．A result on smoking.
D．Smoking does harm to you.