Reading involves looking at illustrative symbols and expressing mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed 50 over the centuries. During the 1950’s and 1960’s especially, increased attention has been devoted to 51 the reading process. Although experts agree that reading 52 a complex organization of higher mental 53 , they disagree about the exact nature of the process. Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, 54 reading as simply the decoding（解码）of symbols into the sounds they stand for.
These authorities 55 that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is inexplainably related to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without 56 their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, 57 some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who 58 reads.
Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its 59 . By some experts they would not be 60 as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one use. By the most 61 and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to 62 the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various 63 , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do so widely and enthusiastically. 64 , reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols representing sounds and ideas.
50. A. specifically B. dramatically C. abstractly D. ridiculously
51. A. understanding B. translating C. defining D. substituting
52. A. involves B. concentrates C. specializes D. analyzes
53. A. opinions B. effects C. manners D. functions
54. A. view B. look C. reassure D. agree
55. A. support B. argue C. attempt D. compete
56. A. interpreting B. saying C. reciting D. reading
57. A. in addition to B. for example C. according to D. such as
58. A. completely B. carefully C. publically D. actually
59. A. part B. whole C. standard D. straight
60. A. applied B. granted C. classified D. graded
61. A. instructive B. doubtful C. certain D. complicated
62. A. strike B. illustrate C. define D. unlock
63. A. purposes B. degrees C. stages D. steps
64. A. On the other hand B. In short C. By the way D. So far