如图所示电路,已知电源电动势ε=6.3V,内电阻r=0.5Ω,固定电阻R1=2Ω

如图所示电路,已知电源电动势ε=6.3V,内电阻r=0.5Ω,固定电阻R1=2Ω,R2=3Ω,R3是阻值为5Ω的滑动变阻器。按下电键K,调节滑动变阻器的触点,求通过电源的电流范围。

答案

电源的电流范围是2.1A到3A


解析:

将图9—1化简成图外电路的结构是R′与R2串联、(R3-R′)与R1串联,然后这两串电阻并联。要使通过电路中电流最大,外电阻应当最小,要使通过电源的电流最小,外电阻应当最大。设R3中与R2串联的那部分电阻为R′,外电阻R为

因为,两数和为定值,两数相等时其积最大,两数差值越大其积越小。

当R2+R′=R1+R3-R′时,R最大,解得

因为R1=2Ω<R2=3Ω,所以当变阻器滑动到靠近R1端点时两部分电阻差值最大。此时刻外电阻R最小。

由闭合电路欧姆定律有

通过电源的电流范围是2.1A到3A。

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