Learning to read and write is a complex process, which can be disrupted in various ways,

Learning to read and write is a complex process, which can be disrupted in various ways, leading to disorders known as dyslexia and dysgraphia（读写障碍）. Two new studies, published in a recent special issue of Elsevier's Cortex provide evidence of this variety, suggesting that effective treatment needs to take it into account.

A group of researchers from the Universities of Bari and Rome in Italy studied the reading and writing abilities of 33 Italian dyslexic children, comparing their performance with that of children with normal reading ability. Italian is an "orthographically transparent" language, meaning that letters tend to correspond to the same sounds, whereas many letters in the English alphabet change their sound from word to word (like the "c" in car and city). However, the new study showed that even in Italian, in which it is relatively straightforward to convert sounds into letters, children still have difficulty in spelling. Younger children with dyslexia generally performed worse than proficient readers; however, the older ones showed a more selective impairment when spelling words, suggesting that knowledge of vocabulary may be more important in spelling than previously thought.

The other study, from Tel Aviv University, Israel, provided the first systematic description of a type of reading disorder called "attentional dyslexia" in which children identify letters correctly, but the letters jump between words on the page, e.g., "kind wing" is read as "wind king". Teachers and neuron-psychologists often notice that children substitute letters when reading, but in this type of dyslexia the substitutions are not caused by inability to identify letters or convert them into sounds; they result from migrations of letters between words. The findings showed that letters would mostly migrate to the same position in another word, so the first letter of one word would switch places with the first letter of another word. Awareness to the existence of this type of dyslexia is important, because it suggests a straightforward way to assist these children in reading —— by presenting a ‎single word at a time, e.g., with the help of a word-sized window cut in a piece of cardboard.

58. We know from the first new study that __________.

A. Italian is easier to learn in comparison with English

B. knowledge of vocabulary has a close link with spelling

C. in Italian each letter has only one correspondent sound 

D. children with normal reading ability have no trouble in converting letters into sounds

59. As is inferred from the passage, ___________.

A. many people cannot distinguish learning to read and learning to write

B. converting letters into sounds is more difficult than the other way round

C. younger children usually have a poorer knowledge of vocabulary

D. in the past not enough attention is paid to knowledge of vocabulary

60. In “attentional dyslexia”, children ___________.

A. do not pay enough attention to the meaning of each word

B. are not capable of telling letters apart

C. can not change letters into sounds accordingly

D. tend to transfer the first letter from one word to another

BCD