Decision—making can be extremely difficult.Decision
making styles are significantly different in different cultures.
In any approach to a problem and in any negotiations，the Western world turns to the“I to you”approach while Japan，“you to you”approach.The former means both sides present theirarguments openly from their own point of view. Naturally,oftencomes a confrontation(冲突)situation，which the Westerners are very skillful in dealing with.The latter is based on each side trying to understand the other person’s point of view.Thus the direction of the meeting is a mutual(相互的) attempt to reduce confrontation and achieve harmony.
Besides，Western decision—making goes mostly from top management and often does not consult middle management or the workers.
However，in Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels.Based on“ bottom up direction”，ideas can be created at the lowest levels，travel upward through an organization and have an effect on the final decision.
Difference in decision—making also comes from different communication styles.The Japanese business person works to achieve harmony，even if the deal falls through and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a“you to you”approach，communicating personal views only indirectly.They put a thorough job above the Western deadline approach.So the Japanese is thorough in their meetings.Thus Americans are often annoyed by the many meetings in many Japanese businesses.But where the American is pressing for a specific decision，the Japanese is trying to think up a rather broad direction.
On the other hand，once a given agreement is made，it is the Japanese who sometimes wonders at the slow pace in which the Westerners carry out the decision.The Japanese is eager to move forward and the Westerners，perhaps，lag(落后于)behind as they take the time for in—depth planning.
24.A Japanese business bases its decision .
A.on top-down direction
B.on nothing but its workers’views
C.on bottom—up direction
D.only on its top leaders’opinions
25.The text mainly tells us that Japan and the Western world
A.face great difficulty in making decisions
B.are different in decision—making styles
C have all members contribute to a decision
D. have two approchaches : “I to you” and “ you and I”
26.Which of the following is TRUE of the Westerners?
A.They carry out the decision once it is made.
B.There are many meetings in their businesses.
C.They work to achieve harmony in doing business.
D.They are good at handling confrontation situation.
27.The author's attitude towards Japanese decision—making is .
A.positive B.critical C.negative D.casual