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It is an all too familiar story. A natural disaster strikes in a remote part of the world, causing destruction and suffering. Villages are flattened and people are forced into camps. It is now happening in China, after the earthquake of magnitude（里氏）8 that was centered on Wenchuan but shook the entire country.
Actually, in the past centuries, there were hundreds of thousands of earthquakes in different parts of the world. In Sept. 1923, Tokyo and Yokohama were both destroyed by an earthquake and the fires that followed it. They had to be completely rebuilt. One of the most serious earthquakes was in China’s Shanxi Province in 1556. It claimed almost one million people.
We measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter scale. The Richter scale was introduced in 1935 in Southern California in the USA. It measures earthquakes on a scale of one to ten. Any earthquake measuring five or more is usually serious.
The earth’s crust (地壳) is made up of layers of rock called plates. As these plates move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake. In cities such as Tokyo, where small quakes happen quite often, many modern buildings are designed to be flexible so when the earth moves, they move with it.
Earthquakes can also break up gas or oil pipes. This can cause fires to break out, which can do as much damage as the earthquake itself.
Another effect of the earthquakes is tsunamis (海啸). These are huge waves created by earthquakes beneath the sea. They can be many meters high and cause great damage to costal towns and cities.
China, Japan, Russia and the USA have the highest occurrence of earthquakes in the world.
| Knowing about (1) _______ | Two serious earthquakes in (2)________ | An earthquake and the (3)__________ fires destroyed both Tokyo and Yokohama in Sept. 1923. |
| In 1556, a very serious earthquake (4) ___________ in China’s Shanxi Province, killing large numbers of people. | ||
| The (5)_________ to measure an earthquake’s strength | People can measure an earthquake’s strength on the Richter scale of one to ten, introduced in 1935 in the USA. If an earthquake (6)________ five or more, it is usually serious. | |
| The (7)__________of earthquakes | As the plates, which (8)_______ the earth’s crust, move, they sometimes crash against each other, causing the crust to quake. | |
| Some (9)_________of earthquakes | If earthquakes break up gas or oil pipes, (10)_______ will happen, which can do as much damage as the earthquake itself. | |
| Tsunamis. |