Commencement (毕业典礼)is a time for idealism.
But economic reality is cruel everywhere; especially for new college graduates. They have been told repeatedly that a college degree is an open sesame (芝麻) to the global economy, But that's not necessarily so, according to new research by two economists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Frank Levy and Peter Temin.
It is true that people with college degrees make more money than people without degrees. The gap has narrowed somewhat in recent years, which is disturbing. But the earning power of college graduates still far outpaces that of less-educated workers.
The bad news, though, is that a college degree does not ensure a bigger share of the economic pie for many graduates. In recent decades Mr. Levy and Mr. Temin show, only. college-educated women have seen their income grow in line with economy wide gains in productivity (生产). The earnings of male college graduates have failed to keep pace with productivity gains.
Instead, a huge share of productivity growth, which expands the nation's total income, is going to Americans on the top of the income scale. In 2005, the latest year with available data, the top 1 percent of Americans―whose average annual income was $1.1 million-- took in 21.8 percent of the nation's income, their largest share since I929.
Administration officials, and other politicians and economists, often, believe that income inequality, reflects an education gap. But Mr. Levy and Mr. Temin show that in the case of men, the average bachelor's degree is not enough to catch the rising tide of the global economy.
They argue that the real reason that inequality is worsening is the lack of strong policies that broadly distribute economic gains. In the past, for example, a more progressive income tax and unions promote equality. Positive measures have also helped and probably accounts, in part, for the pay growth of college-educated women. But such measures have been eroding and new ones have not yet emerged, making the income gap even greater.
Mr. Levy and Mr. Temin conclude that only a new government policy can restore general prosperity. That's a challenge to the nation's leaders and today's graduates.
41. The passage is mainly about that _________.
A. there is a big income gap between female and male college graduates in
B. college graduates find it hard to find an idea job after graduation in
D. college degrees are losing value in
42. What is the main idea of Paragraph 5?
A. The whole nation has enjoyed a big income growth with the growth of productivity.
B. Much of the total income of
C. A small part of people in
D. Upper class Americans contribute most to productivity growth.
43. The underlined word "eroding" in Paragraph 7 probably means ______.
A. being gradually destroyed by wind or rain B. gradually reducing power
C. gradually disappearing D. gradually not suitable
44. We can infer from-the passage that ________.
A. female college graduates have higher income than male ones
B. female college graduates have benefited from some governmental measures to ensure their income growth
C. income tax can guarantee income equality
D. new measures and policies have been taken to promote income equality
45. From the passage, some economists believe that the worsening income inequality is caused by ________.
A. lower college degree of college graduates B. lack of proper governmental policies
C. gender discrimination D. underdevelopment of economy and productivity